The Middle East has long been an attractive destination for international law firms, but when it comes to expansion plans there’s a clear winner for the hottest place to be right now.
Ever-increasing numbers of UK and US firms have been piling into the lucrative Saudi market, with Pinsent Masons, King & Spalding, Akin and BCLP among the firms announcing Riyadh launches in the first quarter of 2025 alone.
The influx follows Saudi Arabia’s 2023 legal reforms which permitted overseas firms to open offices without a local partner as long as various conditions are met.
These include a minimum of 70% of lawyers needing to be Saudi nationals and 70% of advisory work needing to take place within the Kingdom, with no Saudi legal work outsourced to other countries. Additionally, at least two partners from each foreign firm are required to reside in Saudi for a minimum of 180 days a year.
Around 15 international firms have already secured licences to operate in Saudi, with many more awaiting approval, all pinning their hopes on securing transactional, disputes or regulatory work as Saudi Arabia accelerates its economic diversification under its ambitious Vision 2030 development plans.
‘The country’s fast-growing economy and abundant investment opportunities across the wider Middle East region make Saudi Arabia an attractive destination for law firms,’ says Stuart Paterson, Middle East managing partner at Herbert Smith Freehills, which launched its Riyadh office in 2023 as one of the first international law firms to obtain a foreign law firm licence.

‘I’d struggle to think of many markets right now that are more dynamic than Saudi’ – Adrian Bell, CMS
Tremendous potential
‘I’d struggle to think of many markets right now that are more dynamic than Saudi,’ adds Adrian Bell, joint managing director for Asia and the Middle East at CMS.
‘Vision 2030 is shorthand for the wide-reaching reforms happening in the country – social, built environments and legal. The opportunity for law firms to support these changes is massive,’ states Richard Dupay, a partner in BCLP’s Dubai office.
The sheer size and breadth of the Vision 2030 plans means international firms are well placed to secure lucrative mandates.
‘Given the scale of these ambitions, you need top international law firms involved,’ says Salman Al-Sudairi, chair of Latham & Watkins’ Saudi Arabia practice. ‘These firms bring significant global expertise in sectors that are core to Vision 2030, such as sports, tech, healthcare, energy, and financial services.’
‘With all the sporting events, ski resorts, high-end luxury hotels, and massive opportunities in energy and infrastructure, Saudi offers tremendous potential. It’s an entrepreneurial place, and people want to be involved,’ Bell concurs as he discusses the movement of firms into the market.
And it isn’t just transactional work that’s booming. ‘There have also been some notable trends in disputes and litigation,’ points out Paterson. ‘As countries here embark on ambitious infrastructure projects, the complexities have contributed to a growing demand for dispute resolution services.’

‘These progressive legal reforms contribute to the Kingdom’s emergence as a technologically advanced, business-friendly jurisdiction’ – Stuart Paterson, Herbert Smith Freehills
Former Eversheds Sutherland International CEO Lee Ranson – who is taking up a new Middle East-focus role in Dubai this month after stepping down from his leadership post – points to a broader shift in the global landscape, particularly following the US elections: ‘The world is finding different axes; not always centred around traditional American influence. The region is establishing its own identity, which is attracting investment from diverse markets.’
Saudi Arabia’s legal reforms are helping to accelerate this shift, by making the kingdom more attractive to international investment. ‘One of the main reasons for codifying the law was to create a transparent, predictable regulatory framework to attract foreign investment,’ says Farida Sadiq, partner and head of UAE regulatory practice at BCLP. ‘These progressive legal reforms not only bolster individual rights and privacy but also contribute to the Kingdom’s emergence as a technologically advanced, business-friendly jurisdiction,’ Paterson adds.
Heart of business
Within Saudi, Riyadh is the clear destination of choice for firms wanting to enter the market. ‘The concentration of power and control in Riyadh is significant, which is why firms are drawn to it,’ says Ranson. ‘Over time, investment may expand to other cities, but initially, businesses focus on where they believe key decision-makers are located.’
Bell agrees, noting: ‘Riyadh has become the capital city for commerce. Most of our clients are based there, and it seems to be the heart of business in the country. Compared to other cities, it has the infrastructure and has developed into that central hub.’
‘The Riyadh office will reflect the myriad opportunities in the surging Saudi Arabian market,’ says Fahad Alarfaj, Riyadh office managing partner at King & Spalding, pointing to: ‘a host of important investment opportunities, especially in equity and debt facilities, both conventional and Shari’ah-compliant.’
Bell points out that some industries, particularly in the energy space, are based outside Riyadh so, over time, firms may add bases elsewhere. ‘Some energy and oil and gas companies, in particular, are located outside of Riyadh, so we may look into opening a smaller, representative office elsewhere as time goes on. We remain open-minded and opportunistic.’

‘Vision 2030 isn’t just about Riyadh – it encompasses the entire nation. So, It’s important not to limit your focus to just Riyadh or Jeddah’ – Farida Sadiq, BCLP
Sadiq likewise stresses a broader perspective: ‘Vision 2030 isn’t just about Riyadh – it encompasses the entire nation. So, It’s important not to limit your focus to just Riyadh or Jeddah.’
For some firms, Riyadh is becoming not just the heart of their Saudi operations but their Middle Eastern operations more broadly. Latham was one of the first firms to establish under the regional headquarters initiative. ‘Having this licence has obvious practical advantages, but it also aligns with what we are trying to strategically achieve – approaching the Middle East as one unified operation, rather than having separate operations in different markets,’ Al-Sudairi explains.
At CMS, Bell also highlights Saudi’s growing importance as a headquarters location: ‘Two years ago, most of our growth was in the UAE, but now most of our hiring is in Saudi Arabia. We’ve likely reached a point in the UAE where growth will slow until Saudi catches up.’
Others though are keeping their options open. Alarfaj maintains that expansion in Saudi isn’t coming at the expense of other Middle Eastern offices, such as Dubai or Abu Dhabi. He explains: ‘Riyadh, alongside Dubai and Abu Dhabi, has always been a critical aspect of our wider Middle East presence.’
As the firm continues to grow, some local and regional refinements may be necessary, but their approach remains balanced: ‘the philosophy is not an ‘either-or’ but a ‘two-pronged’ approach,’ he adds.
Independence or not?
Saudi Arabia’s recent legal deregulation has prompted different strategies among international law firms: some are seizing the opportunity to operate independently, while others prefer maintaining local partnerships.
CMS, which had a longstanding relationship with a Saudi firm, saw the deregulation as a turning point to operate independently and open in Riyadh. ‘We saw our move there as a combination of a really exciting market full of opportunities and deregulation that allowed international law firms to operate independently for the first time,’ says Bell.
He adds: ‘Initially, the main challenge we faced was the requirement to have two expat partners spend at least 180 days on the ground in Saudi to get our license.’
For firms like Eversheds Sutherland and King & Spalding, going it alone didn’t align with their commitment to the local market, instead opting to continue operating in the region through joint ventures. ‘Given the nature of the Saudi market, having a strong local presence is crucial for navigating and building connections. Our local partnership has been hugely beneficial, and we see no reason to change it,’ explains Ranson.

‘We are proud of our history and accomplishments in Saudi Arabia. The shifting market dynamics, however, meant we required a larger team on the ground.’ – Fahad Alarfaj, Riyadh office managing partner, King & Spalding
King & Spalding on the other hand, has taken a different approach by merging with local firm Abdulaziz H. Al Fahad & Partners despite being granted both its foreign law firm license and RHQ license: ‘King & Spalding established a presence in Riyadh back in 2007 and we are proud of our history and accomplishments in Saudi Arabia. The shifting market dynamics, however, meant we required a larger team on the ground,’ says Alarfaj, ‘A merger meant we could reach both critical mass and have a full-service team in place in a single agreement.’
BCLP, also opted for a combination approach, fusing with KSA USA to strengthen its presence with plans to open offices in both Riyadh and Al-Khobar later this year. ‘We’re not launching in Saudi; we’re returning,’ says Dupay. ‘Sam Eversman was one of the partners that helped set up Bryan Cave [the US firm which merged with Berwin Leighton Paisner in 2018 to create BCLP] in Saudi in the ’80s, so for him and for us, it feels like a full-circle return.’
Pinsent Masons, after years of partnership with Alsabhan & Alajaji (SJ), has opted to operate independently as Pinsent Masons Saudi Arabia Law Firm LLC, but will continue close collaboration with Alsabhan & Alajaji. ‘Opening as a single entity in Riyadh was the next step in our strategy,’ a spokesperson at the firm says. ‘Even though we’re now operating as a single entity, we will continue to work with SJ on projects where our expertise is complementary.’
Talent wars
The region’s opportunities mean firms are finding it easier to find international talent willing to relocate. ‘I sent an email to my team in London asking if anyone was interested in a secondment to Saudi, expecting just a few responses here and there, says CMS’s Bell. Instead, I got 12 people – ranging from junior to very senior, male and female, single and with families. The variety of responses is a clear indication of how exciting people perceive the market to be.’

‘This is a market that needs top international talent and having more of these firms enter the region is important’ – Salman Al-Sudairi, Latham & Watkins
While international talent may be eager to work in the region, the 70% quota on local lawyers means recruitment competition can be intense. ‘Competition is a good thing, and the arrival of more international firms is elevating the offering for the market. This is a market that needs top international talent and having more of these firms enter the region is important,’ says Al-Sudairi. ‘International law firms need to continue investing in developing local talent – working with local universities to provide more learning opportunities and access to experienced lawyers. We’ve been doing this for a long time, and I hope new entrants into the market continue this approach.’
Sadiq emphasises the role of Saudisation – which aims to create employment opportunities for Saudi nationals – in developing local talent: ‘Saudisation is a great way to develop Saudi’s next generation of top lawyers, giving them a broader understanding of international best practices. We’re excited about the opportunities it creates to bring in and nurture local talent.’
She continues, ‘More and more people, especially women, are going to university both locally and abroad, and there’s definitely a growing interest in pursuing law. While there will always be competition for talent, I don’t think there will be a shortage of local talent eager to join international firms entering the market.’
Dupay adds, ‘Many students and professionals with a Saudi background are rightfully proud of their country’s growth and want to see its success. They’re incredibly excited to work with us, just as we’re excited to work with them.’
Bell highlights the importance of securing young talent. ‘We’re focused on capturing young talent through early-stage recruitment, like sponsoring events at key universities in Riyadh,’ he says, while also acknowledging the challenge of finding experienced local Saudi partners who fit the culture of an international law firm.
Culture is a consideration on both sides: ‘Of course, some people may feel they wouldn’t fit in,’ says Ranson. ‘That could be due to cultural differences, or it might simply be related to the climate – there can be various reasons. Ultimately, we have no shortage of people interested in the opportunities Saudi presents, but it’s not for everyone.’
Dipping toes
For many firms, staying competitive in Saudi Arabia means aligning with the priorities of Vision 2030. ‘It’s not about being full-service, but matching market demand with the expertise we have,’ says Bell. ‘Staying competitive means concentrating on areas of Vision 2030 where the firm has distinct strengths, including construction disputes, sports law, tourism, and renewable energy.’
Dupay adds, ‘They’re building a whole new nation with well-publicised giga-projects, new power plants and desalination plants, critical infrastructure including roads, rail, and expanding and building new airports. This aligns with what our firm has always supported – the built environment.’

‘There will certainly be ups and downs, with some firms doing well and others less so, but overall, my outlook on the market and the region remains very favorable,’ – Lee Ranson, Eversheds Sutherland
With ongoing development, opportunities for law firms are plentiful. As projects shift from the planning to delivery phase, Ranson highlights the growing need for legal services. ‘My long-term view is a positive one regarding market development. There will certainly be ups and downs, with some firms doing well and others less so, but overall, my outlook on the market and the region remains very favourable.’
Bell, however, predicts that the market will begin to level off: ‘Right now, many firms are just dipping their toes in the water, but without a certain level of commitment, I believe we’ll see market consolidation. There will likely be a slowdown in new entrants, and I suspect some firms will leave Saudi in the next three to five years.’
‘Sometimes, there’s an unrealistic expectation that firms will automatically get business just because they are well-known elsewhere. You have to be patient – developing a reputation takes time,’ says Al-Sudairi. ‘There’s a large influx of firms right now, and in some ways it’s similar to the UAE 15-20 years ago. Those that were patient and committed for the long run have done well, others have retrenched over the years. It takes a clear vision, hard work, and commitment,’ he concludes
Firms with Saudi foreign law licences as of March 2025
Pinsent Masons
Herbert Smith Freehills
Baker Mckenzie
Latham & Watkins
Clifford Chance AS&H (50:50 joint venture)
Dentons
King & Spalding
Squire Patton Boggs
Kirkland & Ellis
Clyde & Co
Addleshaw Goddard
Greenberg Traurig
Quinn Emmanuel
A&O Shearman
Gibson Dunn & Crutcher
White & Case
Norton Rose Fulbright
CMS
Ashurst
Firms with regional headquarters licences as of March 2025
King & Spalding
CMS
Baker McKenzie
Greenberg Traurig
Clyde & Co
Latham & Watkins
Kirkland & Ellis
White & Case
[email protected]